Volume Averaging for Urban Canopies

Fires in Porous Media: Natural and Urban Canopies

Volume averaging limitations of computed tomography.

A simple volume averaging model was shown to be inadequate for predicting effective computed tomographic attenuation values of mixtures of bone or air with soft tissue. Computed tomographic values derived from scanning stratified sub-slice thickness objects were shown theoretically and experimentally to have a non-linear dependency on relative fractional content and a surprisingly large depende...

‌Optimal design of onboard energy storage systems with volume limitation for urban electrical rail transportation

Train braking energy regeneration in urban electrical rail transportation systems can reduce energy consumption and operational cost of the system. In this paper, optimal design of an onboard energy storage system (OESS) with volume constraint is presented for urban electrical rail transportation systems (ERTS). Onboard super-capacitors are considered as the storage system. The objective functi...

Volume-based Runoff Coefficeints for Urban Catchments

The rational method is derived as a special case of kinematic wave flow. The definition of runoff coefficient is expanded from the flow-based ratio into volume-based ratio between the volumes under runoff hydrograph and rainfall hyetograph. The new method presented in this paper provides a dimensionless approach to theoretically derive the runoff coefficients for both the conventional two-flow ...

Clinical significance of partial volume averaging of the temporal bone.

The effects of partial volume averaging on computed tomographic images of temporal bone structures were evaluated. The models chosen for study included a cadaver stapes, two metallic prosthetic stapes, and a formalin-fixed temporal bone. The studies measured the changes in apparent dimension and Hounsfield units with incremental filling of voxels with metallic densities, changes in the angle of...